Chapter 1 Essay Apush Free Essays

The Europeans confronted a lot of difficulty all through their long history. Whenever there was an opportunity to investigate the New World they seized the chance. During this specific timeframe, investigation opened numerous chances and one of those included force, which roused the lords of significant nations to investigate. We will compose a custom article test on Section 1 Essay Apush or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The Europeans investigated the New World looking for gold, greatness, and to do it for God; now and again. Gold was a main consideration in carrying the Europeans to the New World. Gold equivalents cash and cash rises to control, this is the way of thinking of most lords to investigate the New World. They needed force and it didn't make a difference how they understood that power as long as they got it. On account of Hernan Cortes, he slaughtered of the Aztec head, Montezuma, to pick up the Aztec’s gold. After the fall of the acculturated domains in the New World, the Spanish set up socialized realms which flourished in gold. The Spanish got gold and thusly they likewise got power. Force persuaded a large portion of the nations; Spain, France, England, Portugal, and the Netherlands, to investigate and pick up the benefits. Albeit gold was by all account not the only explanation they investigated as much as it was attempting to locate another course to India and the Orient. That was the first arrangement. When they hit land and found it was not India and the Orient, they investigated and went over gold and numerous different wealth. When they were brought back the lords would sanction ships and attempt to pick up as much gold, cash/power, as they could. After the fall of the Catholic Church and the ascent of the governments, the entirety of the lords were looking for better approaches to show they were all the more impressive, gold assisted with that. Gold was not just an astounding find in the New World, yet additionally a key into the quest for power by the lords of the particular nations that investigated. Greatness was a central point in carrying the Europeans to the New World. In European life, the most seasoned child got the opportunity to acquire everything from the dad, so that was the explanation behind the huge fever of having a child. Much of the time there was more than one kid and the more youthful child go nothing and had two significant alternatives throughout everyday life: enter the military or become an individual from the ministry. Be that as it may, presently there was a third choice, travel to the New World and guarantee land for your individual nation. A significant number of the subsequent children left and did the third alternative since it offered them an opportunity to get something their more established siblings could never have, wonder. Right up 'til the present time, everybody despite everything recalls that â€Å"Christopher Columbus cruised the sea blue in 1492†. Indeed, even a long time after that, we as a whole recall his name and he is separated of the educational plan. Magnificence can be viewed as an exceptionally childish motivation to investigate the New World, yet it was the inspiration driving a ton. To traverse the sea in this timeframe was extremely risky and the entirety of the youngsters were yielding their lives to become well known. Everybody needs to be acclaimed. Wonder enlivened the youngsters to investigate the New World since it was a new beginning and a chance to become well known. God was a main consideration in carrying the Europeans to the New World. The Catholic Church crumbled because of the Reformation development and they lost a large portion of their capacity. Spain and Francis were still fundamentally Catholic, so they figured it would be a smart thought to investigate and set up Christian services in the New World in return for cash and the sponsorship of the Catholic Church. In the wake of finding the local individuals of the terrains, they changed over them to Catholics and had the Catholic services show them the methods of the Catholic Church. The nations investigated for the sake of whatever religion they upheld. A portion of the pilgrims had no strict inclination, they just came on the grounds that it was a chance to escape from the entirety of the battling of the Reformation and the entirety of the contention encompassing it. God is a place of refuge and in the event that they sought different purposes, for example, gold, they could locate a place of refuge and request pardoning or insurance. God offered numerous reasons concerning why the Europeans chose to investigate, regardless of whether it be to help their preferred congregation or to maintain a strategic distance from the contention through and through. Gold, Glory, and God were the main considerations prompting European investigation of the New World in the sixteenth seventeenth hundreds of years. Gold brought them power, greatness brought them acknowledgment, and God presented to them the endorsement of the congregation of the nation which supported their sanction to come investigate the New World. Albeit gold, brilliance, and God carried the Europeans to the Americas, land was the explanation they remained. Step by step instructions to refer to Chapter 1 Essay Apush, Essay models

A Look At Superstition And Religion

A Look At Superstition And Religion Strange notions are extremely normal. An eccentric individual, realizing that there is an option that could be higher than he can't control, puts stock in the presence of otherworldly powers. Odd notion emerged from a feeling of feebleness to reach God. In this manner, a man makes his own religion where he attempts to see certain and away from of otherworldly powers around him or impact them through his own conduct. Odd notion is a gullible thought, which is a confidence in a forecast of our future and an effect on it using any powerful powers. It contains a suspicion, regularly oblivious, that with the assistance of these powers it is conceivable to accomplish a trade off, which is adequate for a man. Strange notion for the most part shows itself in decreased types of a custom at the social level: the utilization of mascots, tattoos, supernatural signals, and so on. A unique spot possesses various signs and offbeat convictions: certain occasions are ascribed to prognostic hugeness. There are four primary sorts of odd notions that include: Agnostic notions, which are legitimately associated with an agnostic enemy of Christian perspective. They have their starting points in the polytheistic religions that preclude the presence from securing God, and reject the Creator of the world; Mystery, thusly, raises to a divinity some shrouded powers, and credits them the capacity to change a people life; Society strange notions contrast from agnostic ones that they don't speak to an all encompassing agnostic perspective, however exist fragmentarily and independently, excluded from any total arrangement of the world viewpoint; Clerical notions are communicated in the utilization of strict ceremonies in agnostic customs or the other way around. The instances of strange notions in American culture are the accompanying ones: Some regular good karma odd notions: You will get good karma, on the off chance that you stand firm on your shadow; On the off chance that you discover a horseshoe that was lost by somebody, it will bring you good karma; You will have good karma, on the off chance that you discover a clover with four leaves. Some basic misfortune odd notions: The family will become sick, if a feline wheezes close to multiple times; In the event that a dark feline goes across your street, it brings you misfortune; You will have misfortune, on the off chance that you spill salt. Religion is a unique type of the universes mindfulness, brought about by the faith in the powerful powers, which incorporate a lot of good standards and practices, customs, clique activities and join individuals in an association (for instance, a congregation or a strict network). What's more, religion is a keeps an eye on perspective (or a specific gathering of individuals), which depends on the faith in something powerful, unexplainable. In each religion, there are sure guidelines of practices to be trailed by the disciples, just as the reason for which individuals follow the fundamentals of that religion. In this piece of the paper, let us talk about and clarify two distinct kinds of religions, for example, Catholicism and Protestantism. Catholicism: the confidence depends on the Bible and Holy Tradition, which incorporates announcements of the Ecumenical Councils. Abstinence is mandatory for ministers and religious administrators. An indication of the cross regularly is executed by five fingers as an image of the five injuries of Christ. Catholics accept that the dead get back and at some point visit their living family members in a day of recognition. Individuals, who are parsimonious to the memorial service repast, are rebuffed by loss of steers, fire, and so forth. There is a custom to paint eggs at Easter, just as to heat cakes. At that point these cakes are purified, and they are viewed as an image of this occasion. At the point when individuals swim in an ice-opening during Epiphany, it encourages him to be washed down of his transgressions. It is denied to sear the base of the flame when it is embedded into a candle. It is persuaded as follows: Thus, an individual consumes the feet of Christ. Protestantism: Protestants accept that an individual can get pardoning of sins by a confidence in Jesus Christ (by a confidence in His demise for the wrongdoings surprisingly and in His restoration from the dead). The Bible is the most preeminent and last expert on all issues influencing the humankind in its turn of events. Also, Protestants don't perceive any point in petitions for the dead, holy people, and numerous occasions in their respect. Protestants, in examination with different Christians, give particularly consideration to talking in tongues (glossolalia) (they believe it to be an indication of Baptism of the Holy Spirit), and to different blessings of the Holy Spirit, for example, the endowment of recuperating and prescience. There is no uncertainty that there are a few contrasts and similitudes among strange notion and religion. Let us talk about notion and religion from the stance of an emic and etic planned. Various religions are brought into the world with the assistance of people groups confidence in something extraordinary. They pass this conviction on starting with one age then onto the next inside their family. For example, we can regularly hear that various sicknesses of a strict individual were relieved with the assistance of numerous petitions. The sickness vanished by the impact of a petition. Truth be told, there are no intelligent and right clarifications about this occasion. The strict individuals can consider it a supernatural occurrence. Thusly, a few rationalists would name it odd notion. Odd notion is impacted by some unreasonable convictions, for example, the adoration of various things, dark felines. The things of this nature is a particular dread that individuals accept and convey that in the event that they face with those things, that most likely something unhappier and awful will influence them. In this manner, it very well may be viewed as a religion, yet it is a sort of bogus and off base love. Ethnocentrism is a perspective on society, in which a specific gathering is focal, and every other gathering are contrasted and related with it. Levine and Campbell stressed that the mentalities incorporate seeing ones own gathering (the in-gathering) as temperate and predominant, ones own guidelines of significant worth as general, and out-bunches as detestable and sub-par (qtd. in Hammond and Axelrod 926). Social relativism is inverse to ethnocentrism. The premise of social relativism is the declaration that individuals from one social gathering can't comprehend the thought processes and estimations of different gatherings, in the event that they examine these intentions and qualities as per their own way of life. In outline, it is conceivable to presume that both notion and religion are amazing ideas, regardless of whether they have a few likenesses between one another, they are not regular things and act and work independently and autonomously from one another.

Babysitter Resume Template, Examples, Complete Guide

Babysitter Resume Template, Examples, Complete Guide Nowadays, the business environment is very dynamic and people sometimes need to work multiple jobs in order to feed their families.Therefore, it is very hard to have children and take care of them, especially for parents who both have demanding jobs.However, there are a lot of freelance babysitters and professional babysitter agencies that offer such services. Parents can simply hire some of them and be sure their children will be taken care of.That would really help them concentrate on their work and even get out on a romantic dinner or party from time to time.On the other hand, it is a good way for younger girls, who need some extra money, to learn new things and get some experience.However, as in any other job, the competition is fierce and it is hard to get the job unless you stand out in some way.One good way to do that is to make a good resume, which will stand out of the crowd and highlight your personal skills.If you are here because you need career advice on getting some res ume help and objective, make sure to stay and read what we had prepared for you.Before we get on with that though, let’s take a moment and see what are the most important questions every good resume should answer:How to stand out of the crowd with your resume?What are the main points of each resume?Should I use a generated template or make my own template?What is the optimal resume size?So, in other words, in order to make your resume look perfect, you have to answer all these questions while making it. Don’t worry, we are going to help you with that.One thing that is sure, is that good resume would make you be different than all other candidates.People often write the same generic things, either because they are lazy to invest some time in making a good resume, or they simply don’t have anything creative to add.Apart from that, having a good resume would also help the company recruiters to get to know you a bit before they invite you to an interview.That would allow them to p repare themselves and ask the right questions.Before we start with the guide on how to make a perfect resume, we are going to show you how a perfect babysitter resume should look.Then, we are going to analyze every part of the resume and discuss what should and what shouldn’t be included in each of them.After all that, we will finish with some general tips and tricks that could prove useful if you decide to make your own resume.If you think it is too much for you, we have another solution. You can simply use our resume template generator. Without keeping you out of the loop anymore, let’s start with the guide.Babysitter Resume Example: Christina Right and heres another great example for a babysitter resume.Babysitter Resume Example: Cindy Right Create your own resumeGUIDE ON WRITING THE PERFECT PERSONAL INFO SECTION FOR BABYSITTER CVThe first step in making a good resume is, of course, making a good first impression.You can do that by having a good ice breaker, which is in this case, your personal info section of the resume.In this section, you should write something about yourself, personal details, contact, add some photo, email address, etc.One thing to note here is that you shouldn’t make it too big, since the entire resume shouldn’t be longer than one or two pages, in order to keep your resume looks professional.Now that we set some ground rules, let’s focus on every individual detail in the personal info section, so you could be sure what information to share and what format to use in order to properly write it.Full nameWhen you meet someone for the first time, it is common to say your name and introduce yourself to them.There is no difference when it comes to resumes as well. Your resume is your business card, so you should share some important personal information that could be useful to recruiters.A very important thing to note is that you should never use any nicknames, but rather use your full name like shown in the example below.Christina Haldane RightChristina “Bunny” Haldane WrongIntroducing yourself with your full name, or in some countries with only your surname is very professional.Including any nicknames in the process would be considered highly immature and unprofessional, which is what you are trying o avoid since no one would want to hire that kind of people.ProfessionAfter you have presented yourself with your real name, you should share your previous or current job title, as well as the job position you want to apply for.That way, you give a signal to recruiters and inform them if you have some experience or not in the respected field.PhotoMost jobs don’t require that you post some photo.However, it is always a good thing to do so, whether they ask or not because it would make your resume look more professional.However, this doesn’t mean that you should put just any photo. Random photos from Facebook or Instagram are not good for that.You have to post some photo, where you look professional, in order to increase your chances of getting the job.So, dress up nice, make your hair look good, and take a picture that would present the best side of you.Phone numberApart from an email address, sharing your phone number is very important when you decide to apply for some job.Even though you will usually apply via email, some recruiters prefer to talk to candidates over the phone, in order to get a better picture of their abilities and manners.This is especially true for certain jobs, like in call centers.Also, having multiple contact options is a very good idea, since email messages tend to get lost from time to time. Because of that, it is always a good idea to have multiple contact options.AddressHome address is usually not required by most emplo yers.However, it is never a mistake to put it in your resume. Sometimes, it can really be useful.Recruiters could offer you paid transport or even send you to a closer working place if the company has several in your area.E-Mail AddressAs mentioned above, the most important personal information you need to put in your resume is your email address.It is the primary way of communication between recruiters and candidates, as well as between employers and employees.Therefore, you shouldn’t fail to mention this detail. However, you shouldn’t use just any email. Similar like with names, it is not good to use the email that has some nicknames in it.It is a better choice to make one business email with your full name, or if your name is long, you can use a bit shorter version. Just as it is done in the example below.chrishaldane@gmail.com Rightbunnychris@gmail.com WrongAs for email providers, you should only use very common ones, such as Yahoo, Google, and Hotmail.They are the most kn own and used some others would be considered a bit riskier and unprofessional, which is what you are trying to avoid.Social Media profilesAh, the age of the internet! You can’t go anywhere or do anything, without at least one person mentioning some social media platform or ask you to share your social media profiles.Even modern business is closely linked to certain social media networks, such as Facebook, Instagram or Twitter.Therefore, it is only natural to ask yourself whether you should share your social media profiles in your resume or not. The answer is both yes and no.Depending on the job position you are applying for, it would be a good idea to include some of your social media profiles, such as Facebook or Instagram if we take Digital Marketing expert position.However, before you do that, you should make your profiles look professional and not sloppy. You need to “lead by example”, so to say.If they see that your own profile is well-organized and neat, that could tell them that you will do the same with the company’s profile.In other cases, adding social media profiles might not be necessary.Except one that should always be included in your resume, which is a LinkedIn profile, which is a social media network for business people, to connect to each other and companies.One thing to note is that before adding the LinkedIn link in your resume, you should edit it to look more professional like it is shown in the table below.https://www.linkedin.com/in/christina-heldane Righthttps://www.linkedin.com/in/christina-heldane-4x325719 WrongA Summary Section that recruiters are looking for in a babysitter resumeWe know that we had mentioned how resumes should be as short as possible, but they should also have as much information as possible.Sometimes, some parts of your resume can contain a lot of information, so it is a good idea to write a summary of your most important points in just a couple of sentences.In this section, you should share some of your previous jobs, your personal experience, skills you have and situations you can work in, as well as some achievements you might have picked up along the way. Let’s check the example in the table to clarify.SUMMARYA 22-years-old babysitter with over 3 years of experience in working with children from age 1-7, capable of entertaining children, by signing with them, playing some funny games or simply make funny faces for them to laugh at. Have all important skills regarding children and baby safety, as well as skills needed to take care of babies, such as changing diapers, feeding them, helping them fall asleep. RightSUMMARYBabysitter with over 3 years of experience. WrongAs you can see in the example above, the summary in the left column is a bit extensive, but it’s within the margin, so it can be considered neither too big nor too small. It shows some basic information about the applicant’s experience and skills regarding previous jobs.The summary in the right column literall y tells us nothing.The chance is that at least 80% of the applicants will have the same summary, so this one cannot make your resume look good and stand out of the crowd.Therefore, it is a good idea to take your time, write some core skills and experience you previously had.If you don’t have any, you can put some school or university achievements, titles and GPA score, as well as some other skills that might be useful for the job you are applying for.HOW TO WRITE A GOOD BABYSITTER EXPERIENCE SECTION QUICKLYIn the experience section, you should write your previous or current jobs, if you had some, or simply some volunteering work or internships if you are a fresh graduate.A proper way of writing the Experience section is by doing it in the reverse-chronological order, meaning that you would first write your latest job, and finish with your first job as shown in the example. Right WrongAnother thing to notice from the example is that you should write some points about each job.Tell what you did, what tasks you had, how did you do it and what skills you used to improve the efficiency of your job. It can simply be a small description or a bullet point list.GUIDE ON WRITING THE EDUCATION SECTIONAfter finishing with the experience section, you should go a step back and write something about your education. The principle is the same.First, write your highest completed education, then finish with the lowest. In this case, you don’t even have to put all the schools, sometimes it is enough to put just the highest, especially if you already have some working experience. Right WrongAs seen in the table above, you should also write something about your school achievements, performance or activities that you might have participated while being in that school.You could also share your GPA score if it was good or share if you had made it onto the Dean’s list multiple times.SKILLS THAT YOU NEED TO INCLUDE IN YOUR BABYSITTER RESUMEWhen it comes to the skills section, you should avoid putting all kinds of skills you might have.Instead, think about what skills are important for the job you are applying for and put those skills to be seen. For instance, being familiar with JavaScript is practically useless when it comes to babysitting, so there is really no reason to put it on the list.Yes, it is great to have a lot of skills but remember, you need to keep resume as short as possible. So, putting any unnecessary information would just make that harder to be done.Also, try separating skills into categories, and use bulleting lists, making it easier for recruiter s to check it out and compare skills you have with the skills they need for the job at the question. Right WrongTIPS TRICKS TO ENSURE YOU GET THAT INTERVIEW INVITATIONThat would be everything for the main part of the guide on how to write a perfect babysitter resume.Now, let’s cover some general tips and tricks regarding resumes, in order to help you understand the concept even better.Picking a font â€" the first thing you need to do when you open a document and start writing your resume is picking the best font style for your resume. In general, you want to make your resume look as professional as possible, and to reflect your personality at the same time. Picking the right font can help you do that. However, it is not a good idea to use handwritten font styles, because they are much harder to read, so it could really annoy the recruiters.Optimal resume size â€" as said above, the best resumes are the short, but informative ones. Thinking that big resumes would increase your chances of getting the job is an illusion. Shorter and better-organized resumes, with more quality content, a re way more important when it comes to getting the job. The usual practice is to make resumes that are around one or a maximum of two pages in length. Therefore, you need to be careful not to put any unnecessary information.Making the best use of bulleting lists â€" one good way to add more quality content, without sacrificing too many spaces is to include bulleting lists in your resume. By using lists, you can write much more information and make it look more professional and easier to read, which is something that every recruiter would welcome with open hands.Picking the right file format â€"the first time, file format might seem trivial, but it is, in fact, a very important piece of the puzzle when it comes to making a perfect resume. There are two best choices: .txt and .pdf formats. While text format is easier to be edited, the better option of those two is .pdf format, simply because it looks neater and more professional. So, our advice is that you always have a resume kept in both formats. Use .txt one to edit what you need and then convert it to .pdf before you send it with the job application.Picking the right template â€" your resume is your business card, it should represent your personality and business skills. Having a nice resume template helps with that. Depending on the template style, recruiters can guess what kind of person you are, and nice-looking resumes are always more appealing than blank and boring resumes covered with text on a white sheet of paper. There are a lot of resume templates out there, but if you want, you can simply use our resume template creator and make your resume in a very short time.Regular email check â€" we had already mentioned how emails are an important part of business communication nowadays. Therefore, when you apply for a job, you should regularly check your email and see if you got some answer from the company. Also, don’t forget to check the Spam folder, since some very important messages could end up there and you don’t want to miss your chance of getting a job because of bad message placement.Revisiting your resume after completion â€" when you finish writing your resume, it would be a good idea to re-read it and pretend to be a recruiter. That way, you can notice if you had missed anything important and fix it. That would make your resume look more professional and complete, leaving you without the need to worry about any missing information. A completely polished resume is a perfect resume.Political opinion: include or not? â€" you might be in a political party, you might have worked on some political projects and stuff. But do not include that in your resume. Yes, if a recruiter is a member of the same party, you could benefit and you could have a higher chance of getting the job. However, if it is not the case, you might lose that chance for good. Are you willing to risk it? You really shouldn’t be. You can never know what other people like and think, what are their politica l opinions, or whether their opinions match yours. In those cases, people might lose objectivity, so it is better not to mention any of it in your resume.Use of proper grammar â€" using proper grammar when writing a resume is imperative. There is no recruiter in the world, who would accept people with sloppy grammar if we talk about some corporate jobs. Even on other types of jobs, like a babysitter, it is important to show that you have the basic knowledge of grammar. After all, you need to be able to properly communicate with parents and even a child, if it is a bit older.Regular resume updates â€" over time people learn new things, acquire a new set of skills and gain some experience. If you always want to be ready to apply for any job, you should regularly update your resume, by adding all those things, so you could always have a finished resume, in case some nice chance pops up.CONCLUSIONThat would be it, folks! Today we saw how babysitter resume should look like.We explained a ll parts of the resume and what piece of information you should put in each of them and what information you should avoid sharing there.After that, we finished with some tips and tricks that might prove useful if you are applying for a job and need to write your resume.What remains now, is for you to go out and make that resume, so you could start babysitting those kids. By now, you should have the basic knowledge on how to do that.However, if you are still feeling a bit unsure about some parts of the resume, feel free to use our online resume builder, with which you will be able to create your resume in a very short time.It is simple, you just need to fill in the necessary information and you are ready and set to take that job for yourself. Create your own resume or use our template

Global Financial Crisis comparative Study of the U.K and Developing Countries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2089 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Global Financial Crisis: comparative Study of the U.Kand Developing Countries Introduction The recent global financial crisis represents the first major financial crisis in the 21st century. According to Reinhart and Rogoff (2008:2) the crisis involves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“esoteric instrumentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unaware regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“skittish investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The crisis began in the United States of America in the summer of 2007 when the U.S and global financial markets found themselves facing a financial crisis and the U.S Federal Reserve System à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Fed found itself in difficulties. (Cecchetti, 2008). Although the crisis began in the United States, virtually every country in the world has witnessed some share of the effects of the crisis as a result of the vast trade and economic relationship between the United States and the rest of the world. For example, a World Bank Working Paper by Ravillon (2008) suggests that the crisis could soon reach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deeply into the lives of many of the four fift hs of humanity in developing countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, it is not the interest of this paper to study how the crisis has affected every country of the world. This paperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main objective is to understand how the crisis has affected the U.Kà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy highlighting the main industries that have been hard hit by the crisis. It should be noted that the U.K economy is highly correlated with the U.S economy which indicates that the least shock on the U.S economy is likely to have an equal shock on the U.K economy transmitted through contagion. As a result we expect the U.K economy to have been significantly affected by the crisis. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 looks at the main industry sectors in the U.K that have been affected by the crisis; section 3 provides suggestions on the course of action available in macroeconomy policy terms to U.K policy makers; section 4 highlights aspects of the crisis that suggest market fai lure; section 5 provides comparisons of the crisis in the U.K and two developing countries; section 6 looks at why developing countries are more vulnerable to the effects of the crisis as well as what can be done to reduce their vulnerability in the short- and long-run; and finally section 7 looks at how the IMF, World Bank, U.N and other similar institutions can help developing countries out of the crisis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Financial Crisis: comparative Study of the U.K and Developing Countries" essay for you Create order Impact of the Financial Crisis on the U.K Economy. As earlier mentioned above, the world witnessed significant crisis recently. The crisis have been mainly because of falling house prices. The main industries that have suffered from the crisis in the U.K include the Financial Services Industry, the Retail Industry and the Automobile Industry. To understand how the Financial Services Industry suffered, we would look at the case of Northern Rock and Bradford and Bingley, two Financial Institutions that were nationalised by the U.K government as a result of the crisis. Keasy and Veronesi (2008) suggest that NR has been the most obvious victim of the changes which have taken place in the financial system over the past 20 years. Northern Rock was one of the U.K highest Mortgage lender. It invested heavily on mortgages originated from the U.S. Northern suffered so much because it ran short of liquidity which came as a result of the fact that it had made a significant number of mortgage loans to borrowers who could not repay. On the contrar y depositors needed repayment of their deposits. Northern Rockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s difficulties were exposed because it approached the Central Bank (the Bank of England for a Loan). As a result, many depositors began demanding their deposits from Northern Rock and the Bank witnessed a Bank Run. (Keasey and Veronesi, 2008; Hall, 2008). Keasey and Veronesi (2008) suggest that the risks faced by banks depend on the quality of the lending and whether they have retained sufficient funds to meet the demands of depositors. In the event where depositors have confidence in the bank, the bank does not need to retain enough funds to meet demand deposits. On the contrary in the event were depositors lose confidence in a bank, the bank may have to retain 100 percent of deposits in cash to meet the demands of depositors. This is exactly what happened to Northern Rock. Its inability to meet its liquidity requirements landed it into trouble. Like Northern Rock, Bradford and Bingley invested heavily in sub-prime mortgage loans with less hopes that the loans would ever be repaid. It was also unable to meet the demands of depositors and as such also witnessed a bank run. (Adams, 2008). The Retail Industry has also suffered because it has been unable to get credit from banks. Despite a bailout by the government, banks have become more and more afraid to provide credit to businesses. As a result the retail industry has been witnessing a liquidity squeeze. Retail Giants like Woolworths have been forced into administration as a result of the crisis. In Like manner the Automobile Industry has been unable to make sales because banks are no longer willing to provide car loans. Automobile plants such as those of Vauxhaul and Land Rover have been forced to suspend operations for some time. One can see that the international financial crisis is really having a significant impact on the U.K economy. Macroeconomic Tools Available The macroeconomic tools available to policy makers in these circumstances include fiscal and monetary policy. As far as monetary policy is concerned, the government needs to devise means of increasing the supply of money in the economy so as to reduce the liquidity squeeze. The policy tools in this case include the purchase of bonds in the open market by the Bank of England, the provision of loans to banks by the Bank of England (in its function as a lender of last resort). Fiscal Policy measures include reducing taxes, increasing government spending, etc. The U.K government has already done much to increase liquidity in the economy. On the 9th of October 2008, the government announced a bailout package of  £500billion to major banks in the U.K. (Winnett and Porter, 2008). In addition, the Bank of England on Thursday 8th January 2009 reduced the bank rate (the interbank lending rate) by 50 basis points from 2 percent to 1.5 percent in a bid to mitigate the recession. (Watts, 2 009). There are also speculations that the central bank and British government may soon feel compelled to undertake a range of extraordinary measures such as figuratively printing money in an effort to stave off the threat of deflation. (Watts, 2009). Aspects of the Crisis that Suggest Market Failure. The aspects of the crisis that suggest market failure are numerous. Firstly, banks were unable to determine that the mortgage loans will not perform well. Moreover, credit rating agencies seem to have rated most of the mortgaged backed securities (MBS) as being of high credit rating and thus made it difficult for banks to detect the inherent default in them. In addition, the regulators failed to regulate the Financial Services Industry properly to ensure that firms in the industry do not involve in too much risk taking. Even when there were signs of a crisis, the Bank of England and the FSA failed to act fast enough to bail Northern Rock out. They allowed the matter to escalate to a point were the bank had to witness a bank run. As earlier mentioned in the introduction Reinhart and Rogoff (2008:2) the crisis involves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“esoteric instrumentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unaware regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“skittish investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Esoteric he re indicates that complex financial instruments were created. The risk of these instruments was difficult o determine. Regulators were also unaware of the risks inherent in these instruments and investors lose confidence in the market. Comparison of the Crisis in The U.K and Cameroon/Zambia. The main impact of the crisis on Cameroon is the fact that the demand for exports has began to drop. Cameroon depends a lot on the export of raw materials including timber, rubber, banana etc. There are reports that the timber sector in Cameroon is already facing difficulties. Many contracts to supply timber to a number of European countries have been cancelled and approximately 10,000 workers have been temporarily sent on technical leave. (Nyuylime, 2008). The main difference between Cameroon and the U.K is that Cameroon is still practicing traditional banking policies. Loans are only provided to borrowers who can pay. In addition, the banking system as well as the financial system still remains underdeveloped. So-called esoteric securities are not yet present in the system. Thus, banks in Cameroon are not exposed to the same type of risks that financial institutions in the U.K are exposed to. However, because of Cameroonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dependence on exports of raw materials to European countries that currently face significant financial problems; it could not be left out of the crisis completely. The direct impact of the crisis on Zambia have also be limited. Zambia relies mostly on domestic funding and it has a limited exposure to external lines of credit. Like Cameroon, the main impact has been on exports. Global copper prices have dropped sharply and because copper accounts for a high portion of Zambiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exports, Zambiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s currency has witnessed a significant deterioration of its currency. (Revilla, 2008). The governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fiscal position has weakened because it depends heavily on increased tax revenues. (Revilla, 2008). How developing Countries can Limit Their exposure to Crisis. Developing countries can reduce their exposure to such crisis in the future by reducing their dependence on the export of raw materials. What developing countries can do is to encourage inward foreign direct investment (FDI) into its manufacturing sector that will enable them transform their raw materials themselves. Developing continue to export raw materials at very cheap prices and buy capital goods from Europe at far more expensive rates. By so doing, they will be able to reduce their exposure to external shocks in both the short- and long-run. The Role of the IMF, World Bank and U.N. The IMF and the World Bank can help developing countries by providing them with loans that will help improve on their manufacturing sector. In addition, they need to help developing countries improve on their infrastructure, transport networks and education. They can also help developing countries improve on their financial systems and macroeconomic policies. These are the factors that help in attracting foreign direct investment to the manufacturing sector in particular. By so doing, developing countries can reduce their dependence on export of raw materials. They will rather be transforming the raw materials themselves and their European counterparts will have less power to determine prices for them. This is because falling supply of raw materials will bid up prices. Another problem with developing countries is that they are characterised with a lot of conflicts that need to be resolved. In Africa for example, there is no democracy and the few countries that claim to be practicing democracy are still far from embracing true democracy. The lack of good political structures is hampering the development of sound macroeconomic policies. The U.N needs to play a more influential role to reduce conflicts in developing countries and to install concrete democratic structures in these countries. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, M. (2008). What Bradford Bingley Will Cost Us. Available online at: https://money.sky.com/money/recession/bradford_bingley_public_cost.html Cecchetti, S. G. (2008). Crisis And Responses: The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008. Working Paper 14134, NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 https://www.nber.org/papers/w14134 Keasey, K., Veronesi G. (2008). Lessons from the Northern Rock affair Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance; Volume: 16; Issue: 1 Hall, M. J.B. (2008)The sub-prime crisis, the credit queeze and Northern Rock: the lessons to be learned Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance; Volume: 16; Issue: 1; Nyuylime, L. P. (2008). Cameroon: Global Financial Crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cameroon. Available online at: https://allafrica.com/stories/200810210847.html Ravallion, M. (2008). Bailing out the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Poorest. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4763. The World Bank Development Research Group. Reinhart, C. M., Rogoff, K. S. (2008). Is the 2007 U.S. Sub-prime financial crisis so different? An International Historical comparison. Working Paper 13761 National Bureau Of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138: https://www.nber.org/papers/w13761 Revilla, J. (2008). Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Zambia. Available online at: https://africacan.worldbank.org/impact-of-the-global-financial-crisis-on-zambia. Watts, W. (2009). Key British interest rate cut to all-time low. Available online at: https://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BF64C219E%2D1B59%2D43D9%2D954C%2D4303F2645C30%7D

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on College Paper That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on College Paper That Only a Few People Know Exist Writing is a present that comes naturally. All writing topics are sure to be quality writing. In fact, the majority of it is composed of writing. Paper writing services reviews should always provide you details about the characteristic of the writers, as you'll need to understand what sorts of people will be working on the next project. Now you can purchase genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. A whole lot of students will need to boost their writing skills and vocabulary to compose excellent papers. You may then review the work and get it amended if you observe any tiny difficulties. A hunt for decent paper writing services can be rough, especially if you're stuck in a creative rut and cannot finish the tasks punctually. If you've great abilities, you're on the right path towards landing an excellent job. As you hone your analytical abilities, it gets easier to apply the exact same skills to other facets of life. The process of producing an expert paper has begun. A significant part custom paper wri ting service reviews is the emphasis that's put on the caliber of the customer support. You may get the maximum superior nursing paper writing services at our website. As a result, paper writing service online bureaus are happy to work with each other to help you accomplish your desirable academic aims in an acceptable price tag. Finding the Best College Paper In case you would enjoy the best research paper writing available on the internet, you use us entirely. The type of essay you're looking for will be provided to you within the deadline offered to you. It's possible to speak about your goals for writing the given paper and the way that it will be significant for society too. In order to produce students understood about different topics of the syllabus, they are requested to compose a research paper on them. Writing an outline is among the most significant areas of the paper, as without it, your paper won't have a suitable structure. Regardless of what genre you would like Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your requirements. With a fantastic outline, you experience a chance to develop each section of the paper properly. Writing a great paper requires a lot of time and energy. The Downside Risk of College Paper At length, faculty paper writing help is the most vital portion of college paper writing. Contrary to what most people think, many professors are extremely reasonable, and many have handed in a late paper from time-to-time. Elect for our professional services and additionally you don't have to get concerned with a different college papers again. Your newspaper should be succinct and arranged. The cover of a university newspaper includes a blackface cartoon. College Paper: the Ultimate Convenience! Writing an essay for a student at an American University is something that's treated with fantastic importance by an entire bunch of people which were also told to compose essays as students. If it's so, then you might be having some challenging time for a student together with being a writer. College isn't as easy as people think that it is, thus, knowing all the tools which are available and making the most out of them is the bright decision that could lead you to success. Unfortunately, students may not acknowledge or take action on the warning signs since they feel it is an indication of weakness. College Paper Explained Finding the most suitable job for a college student is even more challenging. Moreover, a college student job salary isn't much. As a student, you might fear seeking paper help presuming it's illegal. If you're a student, you're probably acquainted with the strain of submitting a college paper. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you will need to contact. Yes, there's an issue with racism at SUNY Plattsburgh. Writing a college essay isn't only a daunting but likewise an infuriating job for students. Besides freshmen, there are particular college essays which will pose plenty of problem for students.

Mbuti Culture Free Essays

Mbuti Culture Micheal Smith ANT 101 Prof. Tracy Samperio September 24, 2012 Mbuti Culture Mbuti primary mode of subsistence is Foraging. A forager lives as hunter and gatherer. We will write a custom essay sample on Mbuti Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mbuti hunt and gather food from the forest, and they trade as well for survival. They are referred as hunter-gatherer. They are a small band of kinship groups that are mobile. All foraging communities value their lifestyle. The Mbuti show how their kinships, beliefs and values, and economic organization are the key for their forager culture. In the forager societies kinship is one of the key importance of the lifestyle. Mbuti are called the people of the forest, who believe they are the children of the forest. Their beliefs and values are very important to their culture also. The forager beliefs are that every living thing has a spirit (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti beliefs are that the forest is for helping and giving thanks through their ritual ceremonies ( Mosko, pg. 897). Forager see working together and sharing is the way to economic organization. The Mbuti has the same way to keep their economic organization working right. The Mbuti way of living shows team work instead of individual wealth. The foraging societies believe family, marriage and kinship, gender, and age are the key principle of social organization (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti are forest people. Their kinship is small and have different one throughout their band. They look to choose a partner, than start a family. The most common type of family in foraging societies is nuclear family (Nowak and Laird, 2010), which the Mbuti have also. In choosing a partner, there are some rules and understanding they have to meet. With the foraging societies, choosing a partner, they have to understand; they cannot have sexual intercourse until married and cannot arry within certain kin. That means intermediate family. Once the Mbuti culture has chosen a partner and got marry; sexual intercourse can occur also. Ideally, marital love-making should take place in the forest, but it may also occur in the couple own hut (Mosko, pg. 899). The women that is married should have intercourse during menstruate cycle. This is how they conceive and start a family. The Mbuti common type of family is the nuclear family, just like most foraging societies. A nuclear family is composed of a mother and father and their children (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The forager societies feel nuclear family adaptive to various situations that is why it is common (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti are composed of bands which are multifamily groups. The bands are small groups of nuclear family, which changes every time they move. Sometime the bands are composed of a few extended families, each consisting of a nuclear family with married children, their spouses, and offspring (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Such a band composition works best in terms of cooperation and sharing (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti bands establish a camp in the forest. The nuclear families of the bands arrange their separate huts roughly in a circle around a central hearth (Mosko, pg. 903). The bands are what make up the Mbuti kinship. The forager society’s beliefs and values may be different but have the same meaning. Like stated before, they believe that every living thing has a spirit (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The Mbuti main beliefs and values are the forest, avoiding violence, and their leisure time. The Mbuti see the forest as a symbol of their beliefs and values. The forest is a thing that has a spirit which helps them. They give thanks to the forest by ritual ceremonies. The forest also plays an important part in the Mbuti pregnancy. â€Å"Forest† itself, for virtually everything in Mbuti culture is related to the one idea (Mosko, pg. 897). The Mbuti do not believe the forest is a simple idea; they describe it as â€Å"lover†, â€Å"God of the Hunt†, and â€Å"God of the Forest†, for some examples (Mosko, pg. 897). The forest is what the Mbuti base their lifestyles on. Foraging Societies try to avoid violence by working hard and dealing with other cultures like them. They work hard to feed their families. They value the idea of a family and working together. That is why their leisure time is so important. Leisure time is used to spend time with the kin and friends, the foraging societies believe (Nowak and Laird, 2010). They work hard to find food and hunt for a couple of days and rest of the time is for leisure activities. The Mbuti have ritual that they do during their leisure time. They have a ceremony called molimo. It is performed by the men and is associated with singing and the use of a trumpet called the molimo (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The molimo ceremony used the molimo, a strictly forest institution, which young men are initiated after they have become successful hunters (Lee, pg. 44). This is how most of the leisure time goes to, the family. The forager culture has high value for working together and sharing (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Those values show how their economic organization works wells. They see economic importance as cultural tradition. This is how they survive also. It is easy for forager to move place to place because they don’t have many material items. T hat is what makes the exchange process so easy also. The reciprocal economic systems are a form of exchange of goods and services that occurs between members of a kinship group (Nowak and Laird, 2010). Foraging societies has a similar way of using this system. The amount of food and other resources occur immediately because they are mobile (Nowak and Laird, 2010). The exchange process is what keeps them going. Even though they are mobile, they can use the environment to storage material. The Mbuti are forager and show most of the forager society’s way of living. The Mbuti has showed how their kinships, beliefs and values, and economic organization is the key for their forager culture. Reference Nowak, B. Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. Bridgepoint education, Inc. Retrieved from: http://content. ashford. edu The Symbols of â€Å"Forest†: A Structural Analysis of Mbuti Culture and Social Organization Mark S. Mosko American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 89, No. 4 (Dec. , 1987), pp. 896-913 Published by: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/677863 The Mbuti Pygmies: An Ethnographic Survey by Colin M. Turnbull Review by: Richard B. Lee American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Apr. , 1967), pp. 243-244 Published by: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Article Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/669466 How to cite Mbuti Culture, Essay examples

The Fall of IBM

History, Development and Growth In early 1970s, IBM was the largest manufacturer of computers in the world. It was able to achieve rapid growth in revenue and market share due to the sale of its 360-mainframe computer model. The 360 model was later improved through the development of the 370-mainframe model.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Fall of IBM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By mid 1970s, IBM began to face high competition from small companies that were able to produce cheap computers whose qualities were either equal to or superior to its models. Following the technological advancements that led to the reduction of the lifespan of mainframe computers, IBM changed its strategy from leasing to selling computers. Additionally, it developed new computer models such as the AS400 to compete with low cost minicomputers. By 1991, high competition led to significant reduction in computer prices. Moreover, I BM was not able to develop new products in time. Consequently, its market share reduced drastically. The management’s attempt to restructure the firm was not successful since it continued to make losses. Nonetheless, the company returned to profitability in 2000. In the last three years, the company has been making at least 10 billion in net profits (IBM). However, it generates over 60% of its revenues from services and software rather than the sale of computer hardware. Strengths First, IBM was able to develop high quality computers in 1970s and 1980s, thereby gaining the largest market share in the industry. Second, the company had a dedicated and high performing sales force. This enabled it to increase its sales and to earn high profits from its mainframe computers. Third, IBM was able to offer excellent services to its clients, thereby enhancing customer loyalty. Fourth, the company had adequate capital, which enabled it to develop new products and to offer high quality s ervices. For example, it invested $32 billion in the construction of new manufacturing plants in order to produce low cost computers. Finally, IBM has a strong brand image that is known for quality and reliability. This strength has enabled it to increase its earnings from software and services since 2000 (IBM).Advertising Looking for report on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weaknesses First, the company did not focus on market research in order to identify customer needs. Consequently, it was not able to develop new products in time to satisfy emerging market needs. Second, IBM’s research and development initiatives focused on improving its existing products rather than developing new ones. Thus, it always developed new products to compete with those of its rivals rather than to satisfy customer needs. Consequently, the company lost its competitiveness in the hardware segment of the market. Third, IB M lost its competitiveness due to its inability to reduce its operating costs. Finally, the company had an undesirable organizational culture, which discouraged innovation and cooperation among its technical team members. PEST Analysis Political Factors The pursuit of protectionist policies by major computer producing countries is the main political factor that affects the global computer industry. From 1960 to 1980, most Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, and Korea focused on supporting their computer industries through research and development. Consequently, the â€Å"Asia-Pacific region emerged as the leading producer of computer hardware and associated products such as semiconductors†. Additionally, countries such as China and Japan charged 82% and 25% import duty respectively in order to discourage importation of computers from the USA. Since 2000, major trading blocs such as the European Union and ASEAN use preferential tariffs to benefit their member countries a t the expense of other computer producers such as the USA. In this regard, protectionist policies will continue to limit IBM’s ability to increase its share of the global computer market. Economic Factors Business cycle and the level of economic activity have great impact in the computer industry. In 1970s and 1980s, large companies were the main customers in the industry. Consequently, computer producers had to reduce the prices of their products in order to enable their customers (businesses) to lower their operating costs. Nonetheless, it also led to the emergence of new segments such as outsourcing of data services. During the 2008/2009 global economic crisis, the sales of computers declined because most companies focused on cost cutting measures rather than new investments. This implies that demand for IBM’s hardware and software products is likely to decline during recessions and vice versa.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Fall of IBM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social Factors The use of computers in educational institutions provided high demand for hardware and software from 1970s to 1980s. In 1990s, new market segments such as users of personal computers at home emerged. In the last decade, the use of computers among the youth for learning, communication, and entertainment purposes increased significantly . Additionally, most governmental organizations have focused on the use of computers to provide services such as health care and education. The continuation of these social trends is likely to boost demand for computers in future. Technology Technology is the backbone of the computer industry because it determines new product development, product distribution, and provision of customer support services. Since 1980s, technological advancements have significantly reduced the lifecycle of computers and peripheral devices, thereby forcing manufacturers to devel op new products within a short time. In the last ten years, investments in research and development have led to the production of a variety of computer models and peripheral devices in response to emerging market needs. Thus, technological advancements enable computer manufacturers to serve new market segments. Nonetheless, technological transfers have led to the increase in the number of computer producers and independent software developers, thereby increasing competition. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants Major players in the industry such as IBM, HP, and Toshiba have established several efficient manufacturing centers in various parts of the world. This enables them to achieve economies of scale in production. Moreover, the amount of capital required to join the industry has significantly reduced because most new entrants hire existing producers to manufacture hardware on their behalf. Similarly, the number of independent software developers has increas ed substantially because knowledge is the main resource that they need to join the industry. Overall, the threat of new entrants is high in the software segment and moderate in the hardware segment of the industry. This means that IBM is likely to lose its market share as more firms join the software segment of the industry. Power of Buyers Computer manufacturers have a low bargaining power because they are very many, whereas suppliers of high quality inputs such as operating systems and chipboards are very few. For example, nearly all producers depend on Microsoft’s operating systems and Intel’s processors.Advertising Looking for report on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, suppliers’ products such as processors are high differentiated in terms of their speed and reliability. These products are very import to computer manufacturers because they determine the quality of the final product. The threat of backward integration is also low because most manufacturers find it expensive to produce all computer parts on their own. Buyers of computers, on the other hand, have a high bargaining power because their switching costs are very low. Additionally, most computers are not differentiated since they are compatible with nearly all models in the market. Thus, buyers can easily switch from one model to another. The low bargaining power of producers means that companies such as IBM cannot easily negotiate for low prices for key supplies such as operating systems. Additionally, the high bargaining power of buyers means that IBM and its competitors cannot pass high production cost to their customers. Power of Suppliers Suppliers are very influenti al in the industry because most of their products are highly differentiated. Furthermore, the threat of forward integration is high because some software developers usually sell directly to end users. Nonetheless, the increase in the number of producers of computer parts has reduced the influence of suppliers in the industry. Additionally, some computer manufacturers produce their own inputs, thereby reducing the demand for suppliers’ products. In this regard, suppliers have a moderate bargaining power. This means that they can exploit computer manufacturers through high prices of products, which have few substitutes such as Microsoft’s operating systems. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes is very low because there are no machines that can rival computers in data processing and management. Thus, demand for computers is likely to continue rising as the world economy grows. Nonetheless, brand or model substitution is very high. For example, mainframes have l ost their competitiveness to laptops and personal computers. This means that companies that are not able to engage in rapid product development will lose their market shares or run out of business in future. Competitive Rivalry Competitive rivalry is very high in the industry due to the following reasons. First, the number of computer producers and software developers is very high. Second, firms have high fixed costs because the industry is capital intensive. For example, IBM had over 300,000 employees in 1980s. Third, product differentiation is very low in the industry. This is because manufacturers produce computers with standard or similar features such as speed and storage capacity. Finally, exit barriers are high because producers with large manufacturing plants find it difficult to sell their facilities in order to quit the industry. The high competition means that no company will be able to maintain a dominant position in the market. Additionally, product prices are likely to decline significantly, thereby reducing IBM’s profit margins. Industry Life-cycle Analysis Introduction Stage The industry was at its introduction stage in the 1950s when commercial production of computers became popular. During this period, most producers focused on research in order to develop high quality computers. There were very few producers and computers were very expensive due to high production costs. Though competition was low, profits did not rise rapidly due to low demand. Growth Stage The industry recorded high growth from late 1960s to mid 1980s. During this period, companies focused on product standardization in order to achieve economies of scale. This led to the emergence of IBM’s mainframe computers as the dominant model in the industry. Additionally, demand was very high as most businesses focused on acquiring computers in order to improve their operations. The high demand led to high profits in the industry. For example, IBM earned over 50% profit margin on most of its products. The attractiveness of the industry led to the increase of new entrants, thereby intensifying competition. Consequently, most firms focused on product differentiation in order to serve new segments. Additionally, most companies joined international markets in order to increase their sales. Maturity Stage The maturity stage of the industry began in mid 1980s and lasted until early 2000s. This period was characterized with high competition and significant price reductions. For instance, the prices of IBM’s personal computers were nearly three times cheaper in 1993 than they were in 1991. In order to improve their sales, firms competed on the basis of price and product quality. Additionally, they focused on process innovation in order to lower their costs. Companies that were not able to survive the competition ran out of business. For example, Hewlett-Packard acquired Compaq in 2002. Decline The decline stage began in mid 2000s following increase d competition and the 2008/2009 global economic downturn. Profits have been declining steadily, especially, in the hardware segment. Furthermore, mergers and acquisitions have increased in the industry since 2004. For example, Lenovo bought IBM’s PC segment in 2005, Acer acquired Gateway Inc. in 2007, and Alcatel acquired Lucent Technologies in 2007. Since 2004, services and software have replaced hardware as the main source of revenue. Due to declining growth, companies have focused on defending their market shares and maintaining their profitability. Currently, Hewlett-Packard, Dell, and Apple dominate the hardware segment. On the other hand, IBM and Microsoft lead in the service and software segment. SWOT Analysis The threats facing IBM include high competition, buyers with high bargaining power, and high threat of new entrants in the software segment. The opportunities in the industry include technological advancements that aid product development, potential increase in d emand as global economy grows, and the emergence of new segments. In the software segment, IBM is likely to overcome competition due to its strong sales force, brand image, and excellent customer services. These strengths will enable the company to retain its existing customers and to attract new ones. Nonetheless, IBM is not likely to survive the competition in the hardware segment. This is because its organizational culture discourages innovation by sabotaging the development of computer models that compete with mainframes. Thus, it will not be able to develop new computer models in response to changing market needs. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that IBM focuses on selling existing products rather than analyzing market needs in order to develop relevant products. Finally, IBM will not be able to overcome competition from low cost producers due to its inability to reduce its operating costs. The company can continue to pursue its corporate strategy profitably because it is capable of providing high quality products and enhancing customer loyalty. Concisely, it has a strong competitive position in the software segment. IBM can overcome high competition in the hardware segment by investing in low-cost production plants, as well as, technological and market research. Nonetheless, the company might not afford these investments because it is not very stable financially. In particular, its net profits grew by only 1.2% in the last three years. Additionally, its return on invested capital (ROIC) increased from 0.13 in 2010 to 0.14 in 2012. IBM’s liquidity is also not high because its current ratio (CA) in 2012 was only 1.13. Most importantly, the company has a high debt-to-equity ratio of 5.28. This means that IBM depends on borrowed capital to fund its investments. Thus, the cost of additional borrowing (interest on loans) will lower the company’s profits. Corporate Strategy IBM’s mission is to offer effective, high-quality products, an d services to its clients. Thus, its initial corporate strategy was to manufacture and to lease computers to businesses. After losing its competitiveness in the hardware segment, the company changed its corporate strategy to provision of services such as cloud computing and software development. This strategy has three advantages. First, it enables the company to increase its revenue by selling improved versions of its software products to existing customers. Second, IBM has a dominant position in the software segment. Thus, it is likely to generate high revenue by serving this segment. Finally, the strategy enables the company to maintain strong relationships with its customers through provision of regular support services. Nonetheless, IBM faces high competition in the software segment from low-cost companies that are also able to offer high quality products. In this regard, the company can lose its competiveness in the software segment if it is not able to lower its costs. Busine ss level Strategy IBM has three main divisions namely hardware, software and services. In the hardware division, the company pursues a differentiation strategy by developing computers with superior capabilities. This enables it to charge a premium price in order to make high profits. The company also follows the differentiation strategy in its software division. This involves developing application software products that satisfy the needs of individual clients. The company pursues a focus strategy in its service division. In this case, it concentrates on serving businesses that need outsourcing services such as cloud computing, management of data centers, and computer maintenance (IBM). IBM provides differentiated services in this segment in order to enhance customer satisfaction. In order to succeed in pursuing the differentiation strategy, IBM invests heavily in research and development (IBM). This enables it to understand customer needs and to develop appropriate products for eac h client. Additionally, it focuses on human resource development through training and adequate remuneration in order to retain its talented workforce. The company owes its success to its employees who maintain positive business relationships with its clients. Structure and Control Systems IBM uses a functional organizational structure in order to control its operations. This structure involves organizing the business into units that specialize in specific activities such as sales and marketing or research and development. The functional structure was adopted so that the company can achieve efficiency in production. On the contrary, the structure has partly contributed to the challenges facing the company. For example, the research and development team usually takes a long time to make decisions concerning new product development. Additionally, managers have to seek approvals from top management before making decisions such as price changes. This slows down the decision-making proces s, thereby reducing the efficiency of the firm. In this regard, IBM should use a product structure in order to enhance efficiency in product development. IBM’s remuneration system succeeded in enhancing employees’ motivation and productivity. For example, the sales executives were able to meet their targets because they were paid high commissions. Nonetheless, the remuneration system did not encourage cooperation between divisions. For example, mainframe managers were not reward in order to encourage them to cooperate with employees in the minicomputers division. Recommendations IBM can improve its competiveness by changing its corporate strategy. In particular, it should focus on increasing the production of hardware and development of software. This will involve introducing new low cost computer models rather than depending on the sale of mainframes. Moreover, the company can diversify its hardware division by producing related products such as smart phones and modem s. Revitalizing the hardware division will enable the company to reduce its dependence on revenues from software and service divisions. This can be achieved by adopting a product organizational structure that enables managers to make quick decisions regarding sales and product development. In this regard, each product division will be allocated enough resources to conduct activities such as research and marketing in order to identify customer needs. Finally, IBM needs to change its organizational culture by promoting cooperation among managers and focusing on market needs rather than the success of existing products. These recommendations can be implemented within five years as shown in table 1 in the appendix. Works Cited Amason, Allen. Strategic Mangement. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Bridwell, Larry and Chun Kuo. â€Å"An Analysis of the Computer Industry in China and Taiwan Using Michael Porter’s Determinants of National Competitive Advantage.† International Business Journal 3.1 (2005): 116-120. Print. IBM. About IBM. International Business Machines Corporation, 31 Dec. 2012.Web. Print. Katsioloudes, Marios. Strategic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Print. Kraemer, Kenneth and Jason Dedrick. Enter the Dragon: China’s Computer Industry. Irvine: University of California, 2012. Print. Riain, Sean. â€Å"Dominance and Change in the Global Computer Industry: Military, Bureaucratic, and Network State Developmentalisms.† Studies in Comparative International Development 4.1 (2006): 76-98. Print. This report on The Fall of IBM was written and submitted by user Mohammed Stark to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.